I. Leadership and Vision

• 在多變不確定的環境中，為組織訂定願景是領導者的責任
• 許多經理人花許多時間(70-80%, Wah, 1999)在daily routine 

internal problems:

– Complex, ambiguous information is hard to interprete. 
– Routine decision making is easier, where they can see 

instant results

– Managers are accustomed to command-and-control 

management